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Protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it. SYN: rupture (1). [L. rupture]

- abdominal h. a h. protruding through or into any part of the abdominal wall. SYN: laparocele.

- Barth h. a loop of intestine between a persistent vitelline duct and the abdominal wall.

- Béclard h. a h. through the opening for the saphenous vein.

- bilocular femoral h. SYN: Cooper h..

- h. of the broad ligament of the uterus a coil of intestine contained in a pouch projecting into the substance of the broad ligament.

- cecal h. a h. containing cecum.

- cerebral h. protrusion of brain substance through a defect in the skull.

- Cloquet h. a femoral h. perforating the aponeurosis of the pectineus and insinuating itself between this aponeurosis and the muscle, lying therefore behind the femoral vessels.

- complete h. an indirect inguinal h. in which the contents extend into the tunica vaginalis.

- concealed h. a h. not found on inspection or palpation.

- congenital diaphragmatic h. 1. absence of the left pleuroperitoneal membrane; 2. SYN: Morgagni foramen h..

- Cooper h. a femoral h. with two sacs, the first being in the femoral canal, and the second passing through a defect in the superficial fascia and appearing immediately beneath the skin. SYN: bilocular femoral h., Hey h..

- crural h. SYN: femoral h..

- diaphragmatic h. protrusion of abdominal contents into the chest through a weakness in the respiratory diaphragm; a common type is the hiatal h..

- direct inguinal h. inguinal h..

- double loop h. SYN: “w” h..

- dry h. a h. with adherent sac and contents.

- duodenojejunal h. a h. in the subperitoneal tissues. SYN: retroperitoneal h., Treitz h..

- h. en bissac SYN: properitoneal inguinal h..

- epigastric h. h. through the linea alba above the navel.

- extrasaccular h. SYN: sliding h..

- fascial h. a bulging of muscle through a defect in its fascia.

- fat h. a h. in which the tissue protruding out of its normal location is composed only of fat.

- fatty h. SYN: pannicular h..

- femoral h. h. through the femoral ring. SYN: crural h., femorocele.

- foramen of Bochdalek h. SYN: Morgagni foramen h..

- gastroesophageal h. a hiatal h. into the thorax.

- gluteal h. SYN: sciatic h..

- Hesselbach h. h. with diverticula through the cribriform fascia, presenting a lobular outline.

- Hey h. SYN: Cooper h..

- hiatal h., hiatus h. h. of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm; they are classified as sliding (esophagogastric junction above the diaphragm) or paraesophageal (esophagogastric junction below the diaphragm).

- Holthouse h. inguinal h. with extension of the loop of intestine along Poupart ligament.

- iliacosubfascial h. a h. the sac of which passes through the iliac fascia and lies in the iliac fossa in contact with the iliacus muscle.

- incarcerated h. SYN: irreducible h..

- incisional h. h. occurring through a surgical incision or scar.

- indirect inguinal h. inguinal h..

- infantile h. a h. in which an intestinal loop descends behind the tunica vaginalis, having, therefore, three peritoneal layers in front of it.

- inguinal h. a h. at the inguinal region : direct inguinal h. involves the abdominal wall between the deep epigastric artery and the edge of the rectus muscle; indirect inguinal h. involves the internal inguinal ring and passes into the inguinal canal.

- inguinocrural h., inguinofemoral h. a bilocular or double h., both inguinal and femoral.

- inguinolabial h. an inguinal h. descending into the labium.

- inguinoscrotal h. an inguinal h. descending into the scrotum.

- inguinosuperficial h. an inguinal h. that has turned cephalad away from the scrotum and lies subcutaneously on the abdominal wall.

- internal h. protrusion of an intraperitoneal viscus into a compartment or under a constricting band within the abdominal cavity.

- intersigmoid h. a h. into the intersigmoid fossa on the under surface of the root of the mesosigmoid near the inner border of the psoas magnus muscle.

- interstitial h. a h. in which the protrusion is between any two of the layers of the abdominal wall.

- intraepiploic h. a coil of intestine incarcerated in an omental sac.

- intrailiac h. an interstitial h. projecting from the internal inguinal ring.

- intrapelvic h. an interstitial h. projecting into the pelvis from the internal inguinal ring.

- irreducible h. a h. that cannot be reduced without operation. SYN: incarcerated h..

- ischiatic h. a h. through the sacrosciatic foramen.

- Krönlein h. SYN: properitoneal inguinal h..

- labial h. h. through the canal of Nuck.

- lateral ventral h. SYN: spigelian h..

- Laugier h. a h. passing through an opening in the lacunar ligament.

- levator h. SYN: perineal h..

- Littré h. 1. SYN: parietal h.. 2. h. of Meckel diverticulum.

- lumbar h. a h. between the last rib and the iliac crest where the aponeurosis of the transversus muscle is covered only by the latissimus dorsi.

- Malgaigne h. infantile inguinal h. prior to the descent of the testis.

- meningeal h. herniation of meninges through a spina bifida or cranioschesis.

- mesenteric h. h. through a hole in the mesentery.

- Morgagni foramen h. a congenital anterior, retrosternal h. of abdominal contents, most often only omentum but occasionally stomach, usually through the right retrosternal Morgagni foramen, through which the internal mammary artery passes to become the superior epigastric artery; often asymptomatic. SYN: congenital diaphragmatic h. (2), foramen of Bochdalek h., parasternal h., retrosternal h..

- obturator h. h. through the obturator foramen.

- orbital h. displacement of orbital fat through a defect in the orbital septum or Tenon capsule into the subcutaneous tissues of the eyelid or subconjunctivally.

- pannicular h. the escape of subcutaneous fat through a gap in a fascia or an aponeurosis. SYN: fatty h..

- pantaloon h. an inguinal h. that involves both an indirect and a direct component.

- paraduodenal h. a type of internal h., resulting from abnormal or incomplete midgut rotation, which involves one of several paraduodenal spaces.

- paraesophageal h. a h. through or adjacent to the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm in which the esophagogastric junction remains below the diaphragm and the stomach rolls up into the chest.

- parahiatal h. a h. through the diaphragm that occurs at a point separate from the esophageal hiatus.

- paraperitoneal h. a vesical h. in which only a part of the protruded organ is covered by the peritoneum of the sac.

- parasaccular h. SYN: sliding h..

- parasternal h. SYN: Morgagni foramen h..

- parietal h. a h. in which only a portion of the wall of the intestine is engaged. SYN: Littré h. (1), partial enterocele, Richter h..

- perineal h. a h. protruding through the pelvic diaphragm. SYN: levator h., pudendal h..

- Petit h. lumbar h., occurring in Petit triangle.

- posterior vaginal h. downward displacement of Douglas pouch.

- properitoneal inguinal h. a complicated h. having a double sac, one part in the inguinal canal, the other projecting from the internal inguinal ring in the subperitoneal tissues. SYN: h. en bissac, Krönlein h..

- pudendal h. SYN: perineal h..

- reducible h. a h. in which the contents of the sac can be returned to their normal location.

- retrograde h. a double loop h. the central loop of which lies in the abdominal cavity.

- retroperitoneal h. SYN: duodenojejunal h..

- retropubic h. a h. projecting downward, in the subperitoneal tissues, from the internal inguinal ring.

- retrosternal h. SYN: Morgagni foramen h..

- Richter h. SYN: parietal h..

- Rokitansky h. a separation of the muscular fibers of the bowel allowing protrusion of a sac of the mucous membrane.

- sciatic h. protrusion of intestine through the great sacrosciatic foramen. SYN: gluteal h., ischiocele.

- scrotal h. complete inguinal h., located in the scrotum.

- sliding h. a h. in which an abdominal viscus forms part of the sac. SYN: extrasaccular h., parasaccular h., slipped h..

- sliding esophageal hiatal h. displacement of the cardioesophageal junction and the stomach through the esophageal hiatus into the mediastinum. SYN: sliding hiatal h..

- sliding hiatal h. SYN: sliding esophageal hiatal h..

- slipped h. SYN: sliding h..

- spigelian h. abdominal h. through the semilunar line. SYN: lateral ventral h..

- strangulated h. an irreducible h. in which the circulation is arrested; gangrene occurs unless relief is prompt.

- synovial h. protrusion of a fold of the stratum synoviale through a rent in the stratum fibrosum of a joint capsule.

- Treitz h. SYN: duodenojejunal h..

- umbilical h. a h. in which bowel or omentum protrudes through the abdominal wall under the skin at the umbilicus. SEE ALSO: omphalocele. SYN: exomphalos (2), exumbilication (2).

- h. uteri inguinale SYN: persistent müllerian duct syndrome.

- Velpeau h. femoral h. in which the intestine is in front of the blood vessel s.

- ventral h. an abdominal incisional h..

- vesicle h. protrusion of a segment of the bladder through the abdominal wall or into the inguinal canal and into the scrotum.

- vitreous h. prolapse of the vitreous humor into the anterior chamber; may follow removal or displacement of the lens from the lenticular space.

- “w” h. the presence of two loops of intestine in a hernial sac. SYN: double loop h..

her·nia 'hər-nē-ə n, pl -ni·as or -ni·ae -nē-.ē, -nē-.ī a protrusion of an organ or part through connective tissue or through a wall of the cavity in which it is normally enclosed called also rupture see abdominal hernia, hiatal hernia, strangulated hernia

her·ni·al -nē-əl adj

the protrusion of an organ or tissue out of the body cavity in which it normally lies. An inguinal hernia (or rupture) occurs in the lower abdomen; a sac of peritoneum, containing fat or part of the bowel, bulges through a weak part (inguinal canal) of the abdominal wall. It may result from physical straining or coughing. A scrotal hernia is an inguinal hernia so large that it passes into the scrotum; a femoral hernia is similar to an inguinal hernia but protrudes at the top of the thigh, through the point at which the femoral artery passes from the abdomen to the thigh. A diaphragmatic hernia is the protrusion of an abdominal organ through the diaphragm into the chest cavity; the most common type is the hiatus hernia, in which the stomach passes partly or completely into the chest cavity through the hole (hiatus) for the oesophagus (gullet). This may be associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux. An umbilical hernia (or ) is the protrusion of abdominal organs into the umbilical cord, due to a fault in embryonic development. It is present at birth and can be treated surgically.

Hernias may be complicated by becoming impossible to return to their normal site (irreducible); swollen and fixed within their sac (incarcerated); or cut off from their blood supply, becoming painful and eventually gangrenous (strangulated). The best treatment for hernias, especially if they are painful, is surgical repair (see hernioplasty).