Akademik

   A commemorative representation of an individual, especially in sculpture or medals. The earliest tomb effigies of the Renaissance showed the deceased as a corpse, with the Tomb of Mary of Hungary (1325; Naples, Santa Maria Donnaregina) by Gagliardo Primario and Tino da Camaino providing a Proto-Renaissance example. In the 15th century, this mode persisted, as Bernardo Rossellino's Tomb of Leonardo Bruni in the Church of Santa Croce, Florence (c. 1445) illustrates. It was not until the 16th century that live effigies became common. In the 1532 project for the Tomb of Pope Julius II, Michelangelo planned for a reclining effigy, and his tombs of the Medici dukes in the New Sacristy of San Lorenzo, Florence (1519-1534), present seated effigies above the tomb. The most animated examples are from the 17th century, among them the enthroned effigy in the Tomb of Pope Urban VIII by Gian Lorenzo Bernini at St. Peter's, Rome (1628-1647), who raises his right arm in a blessing gesture and is enveloped by movemented drapery.