(1279-early 1300s; façade c. 1456-1470)
Built to function as the mother church of the Dominican Order in Florence and partially financed by the Florentine State, Santa Maria Novella features a traditional Latin cross plan with square apse flanked by two square chapels at either side. The central bays are also squared to allow for large, open spaces that can accommodate sizable crowds during the mass and on feast days. The aisle bays are half the size of the central bays and contain a number of small chapels allocated to wealthy Florentines for funerary purposes and private devotion. The building's elevation consists of a nave arcade and clerestory of equal height, this last featuring oculi (round openings) instead of the customary squared windows. The repetition of geometric forms and mathematical relations lend to the structure its symmetry and harmonious proportions, while the four-partite vault allows for effective acoustics so the mass may be heard from all parts of the church. The façade, financed by Giovanni Rucellai, a wealthy Florentine merchant, is by Leon Battista Alberti and became the prototype for Baroque church façades of the late 16th and 17th centuries. It was conceived as a series of square modules of equal size, with two forming the lower story and one centered above them. A volute (ornamental scroll) at either side of the upper square visually unifies the two levels. In conceiving his design, Alberti utilized the Roman principles of order, balance, and symmetry reintroduced in the 15th century by Filippo Brunelleschi, thereby updating the modular approach to building of the unknown Late Gothic architect who designed the rest of the structure.
Historical dictionary of Renaissance art. Lilian H. Zirpolo. 2008.